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MLA LIST OF WORKS CITED
An alphabetized list of works cited, which appears at the end of your research paper, gives publication information for each of the sources you have cited in the paper. (For information about preparing the list, click here; for a sample list of works cited, click here.) NOTE: Unless your instructor asks for them, omit sources not actually cited in the paper, even if you read them.
General guidelines for listing authors Alphabetize entries in the list of works cited by authors' last names (if a work has no author, alphabetize it by its title). The author's name is important because citations in the text of the paper refer to it and readers will be looking for it at the beginning of an entry in the alphabetized list. NAME CITED IN TEXT According to Matt Sundeen, . . .
BEGINNING OF WORKS CITED ENTRY Sundeen, Matt.
Items 1–5 show how to begin an entry for a work with a single author, multiple authors, a corporate author, an unknown author, and multiple works by the same author. What comes after this first element of your citation will depend on the kind of source you are citing. (See items 6–56.) NOTE: For a book, an entry in the works cited list will sometimes begin with an editor (see item 9).
1. SINGLE AUTHORFor a work with one author, begin with the author's last name, followed by a comma; then give the author's first name, followed by a period.
Tannen, Deborah.
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2. MULTIPLE AUTHORSFor works with two or three authors, name the authors in the order in which they are listed in the source. Reverse the name of only the first author.
Walker, Janice R., and Todd Taylor.
Wilmut, Ian, Keith Campbell, and Colin Tudge.
For a work with four or more authors, either name all of the authors or name the first author, followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others"). Sloan, Frank A., Emily M. Stout, Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein, and Lan
Liang.
Sloan, Frank A., et al.
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3. CORPORATE AUTHORWhen the author of a print document or Web site is a corporation, a government agency, or some other organization, begin your entry with the name of the group.
First Union.
United States. Bureau of the Census.
American Automobile Association.
NOTE: Make sure that your in-text citation also treats the organization as the author (see item 9).
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4. UNKNOWN AUTHORWhen the author of a work is unknown, begin with the work's title. Titles of articles and other short works, such as brief documents from Web sites, are put in quotation marks. Titles of books and other long works, such as entire Web sites, are underlined.
Article or other short work "Media Giants."
Book or other long work Atlas of the World.
Before concluding that the author of a Web source is unknown, check carefully (see the tip in in-text citations). Also remember that an organization may be the author (see item 3).
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5. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHORIf your list of works cited includes two or more works by the same author, use the author's name only for the first entry. For other entries, use three hyphens followed by a period. The three hyphens must stand for exactly the same name or names as in the first entry. List the titles in alphabetical order (ignoring the article A, An, or The at the beginning of a title).
García, Cristina. The Agüero Sisters. New York: Ballantine, 1998.
---. Monkey Hunting. New York: Ballantine, 2003.
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Books Items 6–19 apply to print books. For online books, see item 29. Citation at a glance: Book
6. BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOKFor most books, arrange the information into three units, each followed by a period and one space: the author's name; the title and subtitle, underlined; and the place of publication, the publisher, and the date.
Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter's Daughter. New York: Putnam, 2001.
Take the information about the book from its title page and copyright page. Use a short form of the publisher's name; omit terms such as Press, Inc., and Co. except when naming university presses (Harvard UP, for example). If the copyright page lists more than one date, use the most recent one.
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7. AUTHOR WITH AN EDITORBegin with the author and title, followed by the name of the editor. In this case the abbreviation "Ed." means "Edited by," so it is the same for one or multiple editors.
Plath, Sylvia. The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. Ed. Karen V.
Kukil. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 2000.
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8. AUTHOR WITH A TRANSLATORBegin with the name of the author. After the title, write "Trans." (for "Translated by") and the name of the translator.
Allende, Isabel. Daughter of Fortune. Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. New
York: Harper, 2000.
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9. EDITORAn entry for a work with an editor is similar to that for a work with an author except that the name is followed by a comma and the abbreviation "ed." for "editor" (or "eds." for "editors").
Craig, Patricia, ed. The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP,
1996.
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10. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGYBegin with (1) the name of the author of the selection, not with the name of the editor of the anthology. Then give (2) the title of the selection; (3) the title of the anthology; (4) the name of the editor (preceded by "Ed." for "Edited by"); (5) publication information; and (6) the pages on which the selection appears.
If you wish, you may cross-reference two or more works from the same anthology. Provide an entry for the anthology (see item 9). Then in separate entries list the author and title of each selection, followed by the last name of the editor of the anthology and the page numbers on which the selection appears. Desai, Anita. "Scholar and Gypsy." Craig 251-73.
Malouf, David. "The Kyogle Line." Craig 390-96.
Alphabetize the entry for the anthology under the name of its editor (Craig); alphabetize the entries for the selections under the names of the authors (Desai, Malouf).
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11. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRSTIf you are citing an edition other than the first, include the number of the edition after the title (or after the names of any translators or editors that appear after the title): 2nd ed., 3rd ed., and so on.
Auletta, Ken. The Underclass. 2nd ed. Woodstock: Overlook, 2000.
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12. MULTIVOLUME WORKInclude the total number of volumes before the city and publisher, using the abbreviation "vols."
Conway, Jill Ker, ed. Written by Herself. 2 vols. New York: Random,
1996.
If your paper cites only one of the volumes, give the volume number before the city and publisher and give the total number of volumes after the date. Conway, Jill Ker, ed. Written by Herself. Vol. 2. New York: Random,
1996. 2 vols.
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13. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRYWhen an encyclopedia or a dictionary is well known, simply list the author of the entry (if there is one), the title of the entry, the title of the reference work, the edition number (if any), and the date of the edition.
Posner, Rebecca. "Romance Languages." The New Encyclopaedia
Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.
"Sonata." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
4th ed. 2000.
Volume and page numbers are not necessary because the entries in the source are arranged alphabetically and therefore are easy to locate. If a reference work is not well known, provide full publication information as well.
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14. SACRED TEXTGive the title of the edition of the sacred text (taken from the title page), underlined; the editor's or translator's name (if any); and publication information.
Holy Bible. Wheaton: Tyndale, 2005.
The Qur'an: Translation. Trans. Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Elmhurst: Tahrike,
2000.
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15. FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORDBegin with the author of the foreword or other book part, followed by the name of that part. Then give the title of the book; the author of the book, preceded by the word "By"; and the editor of the book (if any). After the publication information, give the page numbers for the part of the book being cited.
Morris, Jan. Introduction. Letters from the Field, 1925-1975.
By Margaret Mead. New York: Perennial-Harper, 2001.
xix-xxiii.
If the book part being cited has a title, include it in quotation marks immediately after the author's name. Ozick, Cynthia. "Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body." Introduction.
The Best American Essays 1998. Ed. Ozick. Boston: Houghton,
1998. xv-xxi.
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16. BOOK WITH A TITLE IN ITS TITLEIf the book contains a title normally underlined, neither underline the internal title nor place it in quotation marks.
King, John N. Milton and Religious Controversy: Satire and Polemic in
Paradise Lost. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.
If the title within the title is normally put in quotation marks, retain the quotation marks and underline the entire title. Knight, Denise D., and Cynthia J. Davis. Approaches to Teaching
Gilman's "The Yellow Wall-Paper" and Herland. New York: Mod.
Lang. Assn., 2003.
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17. BOOK IN A SERIESBefore the publication information, cite the series name as it appears on the title page, followed by the series number, if any.
Malena, Anne. The Dynamics of Identity in Francophone Caribbean
Narrative. Francophone Cultures and Lits. Ser. 24. New York: Lang,
1998.
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18. REPUBLISHED BOOKAfter the title of the book, cite the original publication date, followed by the current publication information. If the republished book contains new material, such as an introduction or afterword, include information about the new material after the original date.
Hughes, Langston. Black Misery. 1969. Afterword Robert O'Meally. New
York: Oxford UP, 2000.
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19. PUBLISHER'S IMPRINTIf a book was published by an imprint (a division) of a publishing company, link the name of the imprint and the name of the publisher with a hyphen, putting the imprint first.
Truan, Barry. Acoustic Communication. Westport: Ablex-Greenwood,
2000.
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Articles in periodicals This section shows how to prepare works cited entries for articles in magazines, scholarly journals, and newspapers. In addition to consulting the models in this section, you will at times need to turn to other models as well: More than one author: see item 2Article from a subscription service: see item 31
NOTE: For articles appearing on consecutive pages, provide the range of pages (see items 21 and 22). When an article does not appear on consecutive pages, give the number of the first page followed by a plus sign: 32+. Citation at a glance: Article in a periodical
20. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINEList, in order, separated by periods, the author's name; the title of the article, in quotation marks; and the title of the magazine, underlined. Then give the date and the page numbers, separated by a colon. If the magazine is issued monthly, give just the month and year. Abbreviate the names of the months except May, June, and July.
Fay, J. Michael. "Land of the Surfing Hippos." National Geographic Aug.
2004: 100+.
If the magazine is issued weekly, give the exact date. Lord, Lewis. "There's Something about Mary Todd." US News and World
Report 19 Feb. 2001: 53.
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21. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY VOLUMEMany scholarly journals continue page numbers throughout the year instead of beginning each issue with page 1; at the end of the year, the issues are collected in a volume. To find an article, readers need only the volume number, the year, and the page numbers.
Ryan, Katy. "Revolutionary Suicide in Toni Morrison's Fiction." African
American Review 34 (2000): 389-412.
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22. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUEIf each issue of the journal begins with page 1, you need to indicate the number of the issue. After the volume number, put a period and the issue number.
Wood, Michael. "Broken Dates: Fiction and the Century." Kenyon Review
22.3 (2000): 50-64.
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23. ARTICLE IN A DAILY NEWSPAPERBegin with the name of the author, if known, followed by the title of the article. Next give the name of the newspaper, the date, and the page numbers (including the section letter). Use a plus sign (+) after the page number if the article does not appear on consecutive pages.
Brummitt, Chris. "Indonesia's Food Needs Expected to Soar." Boston
Globe 1 Feb. 2005: A7.
If the section is marked with a number rather than a letter, handle the entry as follows: Wilford, John Noble. "In a Golden Age of Discovery, Faraway Worlds
Beckon." New York Times 9 Feb. 1997, late ed., sec. 1: 1+.
When an edition of the newspaper is specified on the masthead, name the edition after the date and before the page reference (eastern ed., late ed., natl. ed., and so on), as in the example just given. If the city of publication is not obvious, include it in brackets after the name of the newspaper: City Paper [Washington, DC].
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24. EDITORIAL IN A NEWSPAPERCite an editorial as you would an article with an unknown author, adding the word "Editorial" after the title.
"All Wet." Editorial. Boston Globe 12 Feb. 2001: A14.
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25. LETTER TO THE EDITORName the writer, followed by the word "Letter" and the publication information for the periodical in which the letter appears.
Shrewsbury, Toni. Letter. Atlanta Journal-Constitution 17 Feb. 2001: A13.
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26. BOOK OR FILM REVIEWName the reviewer and the title of the review, if any, followed by the words "Rev. of" and the title and author or director of the work reviewed. Add the publication information for the periodical in which the review appears.
Gleick, Elizabeth. "The Burdens of Genius." Rev. of The Last Samurai, by
Helen DeWitt. Time 4 Dec. 2000: 171.
Denby, David. "On the Battlefield." Rev. of The Hurricane, dir. Norman
Jewison. New Yorker 10 Jan. 2000: 90-92.
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Electronic sources This section shows how to prepare works cited entries for a variety of electronic sources, including Web sites, online books, articles in online periodicals and databases, and e-mail. NOTE: When a Web address in a works cited entry must be divided at the end of a line, MLA recommends that you break it after a slash. Do not insert a hyphen.
27. AN ENTIRE WEB SITEBegin with the name of the author or corporate author (if known) and the title of the site, underlined. Then give the names of any editors, the date of publication or last update, the name of any sponsoring organization, the date you accessed the source, and the URL in angle brackets. Provide as much of this information as is available.
With author Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. 2002. 24 Jan. 2005
<http://www.susanlynnpeterson.com/luther/home.html>.
With corporate (group) author United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water
Standards. 8 July 2004. 24 Jan. 2005 <http://www.epa.gov/
safewater/standards.html>.
Author unknown Margaret Sanger Papers Project. 18 Oct. 2000. History Dept., New York
U. 6 Dec. 2004 <http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger>.
With editor Exploring Ancient World Cultures. Ed. Anthony F. Beavers. 1997. U of
Evansville. 24 Jan. 2005 <http://eawc.evansville.edu/index.htm>.
NOTE: If the site has no title, substitute a description, such as "Home page," for the title. Do not underline the words or put them in quotation marks.
Yoon, Mina. Home page. 29 Sept. 2004. 12 Jan. 2005 <http://
www.pa.msu.edu/~mnyoon>.
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28. SHORT WORK FROM A WEB SITEShort works are those that appear in quotation marks in MLA style: articles, poems, and other documents that are not book length. For a short work from a Web site, include as many of the following elements as apply and as are available: author's name; title of the short work, in quotation marks; title of the site, underlined; date of publication or last update; sponsor of the site (if not named as the author or given as the title of the site); date you accessed the source; and the URL in angle brackets.
Usually at least some of these elements will not apply or will be unavailable. In the following example, no sponsor or date of publication was available. (The date given is the date on which the researcher accessed the source.) With author Shiva, Vandana. "Bioethics: A Third World Issue." NativeWeb. 15 Sept.
2004 <http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html>.
Author unknown "Media Giants." Frontline: The Merchants of Cool. 2001. PBS Online.
7 Feb. 2005 <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/
cool/giants>.
NOTE: When the URL for a short work from a Web site is very long, you may give the URL for the home page and indicate the path by which readers can access the source. "Obesity Trends among US Adults between 1985 and 2001." Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention. 3 Jan. 2003. 17 Feb. 2003
<http://www.cdc.gov>. Path: Health Topics A-Z; Obesity Trends; US
Obesity Trends 1985 to 2001.
Citation at a glance: Short work from a Web site
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29. ONLINE BOOKWhen a book or a book-length work such as a play or a long poem is posted on the Web as its own site, give as much publication information as is available, followed by your date of access and the URL. (See also the models for print books: items 6–19.)
Rawlins, Gregory J. E. Moths to the Flame. Cambridge: MIT P, 1996.
11 Nov. 2004 <http://mitpress.mit.edu/e-books/Moths/
contents.html>.
If the book-length work is posted on a scholarly Web site, provide information about that site. Jacobs, Harriet Ann. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Boston,
1861. Documenting the American South: The Southern Experience
in Nineteenth-Century America. Ed. Ji-Hae Yoon and Natalia
Smith. 1998. Academic Affairs Lib., U of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill. 3 Mar. 2005 <http://docsouth.unc.edu/jacobs/
jacobs.html>.
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30. PART OF AN ONLINE BOOKPlace the part title before the book's title. If the part is a short work such as a poem or an essay, put its title in quotation marks. If the part is an introduction or other division of the book, do not use quotation marks.
Adams, Henry. "Diplomacy." The Education of Henry Adams. Boston:
Houghton, 1918. Bartleby.com: Great Books Online. 1999. 8 Jan.
2005 <http://bartleby.com/159/8.html>.
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31. WORK FROM A SERVICE SUCH AS INFOTRACFor sources retrieved from a library's subscription database service, give as much of the following information as is available: publication information for the source (see items 20–26); the name of the database, underlined; the name of the service; the name and location of the library where you retrieved the source; your date of access; and the URL of the service.
The following models are for articles retrieved through three popular library subscription services. The InfoTrac source is a scholarly article in a journal paginated by volume (see item 21); the EBSCOhost source is an article in a bimonthly magazine (see item 20); and the ProQuest source is an article in a daily newspaper (see item 23). InfoTrac Johnson, Kirk. "The Mountain Lions of Michigan." Endangered Species
Update 19.2 (2002): 27+. Expanded Academic Index. InfoTrac.
U of Michigan Lib., Ann Arbor. 26 Nov. 2002 <http://
infotrac.galegroup.com>.
EBSCOhost Barrera, Rebeca María. "A Case for Bilingual Education." Scholastic
Parent and Child Nov.-Dec. 2004: 72-73. Academic Search Premier.
EBSCOhost. St. Johns River Community Coll. Lib., Palatka, FL.
1 Feb. 2005 <http://search.epnet.com>.
ProQuest Kolata, Gina. "Scientists Debating Future of Hormone Replacement."
New York Times 23 Oct. 2002: A20. ProQuest. Drew U Lib.,
Madison, NJ. 26 Nov. 2002 <http://www.proquest.com>.
NOTE: When you access a work through a personal subscription service such as America Online, give the information about the source, the name of the service, the date of access, and the keyword used to retrieve the source. Conniff, Richard. "The House That John Built." Smithsonian
Feb. 2001. America Online. 11 Mar. 2001. Keyword: Smithsonian
Magazine.
Citation at a glance: Article from a database
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32. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE PERIODICALWhen citing online articles, follow the guidelines for printed articles (see items 20–26), giving whatever information is available in the online source. End the citation with your date of access and the URL.
NOTE: In some online articles, paragraphs are numbered. For such articles, include the total number of paragraphs in your citation, as in the next example. From an online scholarly journal Belau, Linda. "Trauma and the Material Signifier." Postmodern
Culture 11.2 (2001): 37 pars. 30 Mar. 2001 <http://
jefferson.village.virginia.edu/pmc/current.issue/11.2belau.html>.
From an online magazine Morgan, Fiona. "Banning the Bullies." Salon.com 15 Mar. 2001.
21 Sept. 2004 <http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2001/03/15/
bullying/index.html>.
From an online newspaper Rubin, Joel. "Report Faults Charter School." Los Angeles Times 22 Jan.
2005. 24 Jan. 2005 <http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/
search.html>.
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33. CD-ROMTreat a CD-ROM as you would any other source, but name the medium before the publication information.
"Pimpernel." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
4th ed. CD-ROM. Boston: Houghton, 2000.
Wattenberg, Ruth. "Helping Students in the Middle." American Educator
19.4 (1996): 2-18. ERIC. CD-ROM. SilverPlatter. Sept. 1996.
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34. E-MAILTo cite an e-mail, begin with the writer's name and the subject line. Then write "E-mail to" followed by the name of the recipient. End with the date of the message.
Wilde, Lisa. "Review questions." E-mail to the author. 15 Mar. 2005.
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35. POSTING TO AN ONLINE LIST, FORUM, OR GROUPCommunications through e-mail discussion lists (often called LISTSERVs), Web forums, and Usenet newsgroups do not take place in real time. (For real-time online communications, see item 36.) When possible, cite archived versions of postings, which are more permanent and easier to retrieve. If you cannot locate an archived version, keep a copy of the posting for your records.
Begin the entry with the author's name, followed by the title or subject line; the words "Online posting"; the date of the posting; the name of the list, forum, or newsgroup; and your date of access. Then, for a discussion list, give the URL of the list if it is available; otherwise give the e-mail address of the list moderator. For a Web forum, give the network address. For a Usenet group, use the prefix "news:" followed by the name of the newsgroup. Discussion list posting Edwards, David. "Media Lens." Online posting. 20 Dec. 2001. Media Lens
Archives. 10 Apr. 2002 <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/
medialens/message/25>.
Web forum posting Brown, Oliver. "Welcome." Online posting. 8 Oct. 2002. Chester Coll.
Students Web Forum. 20 Feb. 2003 <http://www.voy.com/
113243>.
Newsgroup posting Reedy, Tom. "Re: Macbeth an Existential Nightmare?" Online posting.
9 Mar. 2002. 8 Apr. 2002 <news:humanities.lit.authors.shakespe>.
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36. POSTING TO A MUD OR A MOOMUDs and MOOs are forums that allow communication in real time. Include the writer's name (if relevant), a description and date of the event, the title of the forum, the date of access, and the electronic address, beginning with the prefix "telnet://."
Carbone, Nick. Planning for the future. 1 Mar. 2001. TechRhet's Thursday
night MOO. 1 Mar. 2001 <telnet://connections.moo.mud.org:3333>.
If possible, cite an archived version of the posting.
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Multimedia sources (including online versions) Multimedia sources include visuals (such as works of art), audio works (such as sound recordings), audiovisuals (such as films), and live events (such as the performance of a play). When citing multimedia sources that you retrieved online, consult the appropriate model in this section and give whatever information is available for the online source; then end the citation with your date of access and the URL. (See items 37, 40, and 44 for examples.)
37. WORK OF ARTCite the artist's name, followed by the title of the artwork, usually underlined, and the institution and city in which the artwork can be found. If you want to indicate the work's date, include it after the title. For a work of art you viewed online, end your citation with your date of access and the URL.
Constable, John. Dedham Vale. Victoria and Albert Museum, London.
van Gogh, Vincent. The Starry Night. 1889. Museum of Mod. Art,
New York. 3 Feb. 2003 <http://moma.org/collection/depts/
paint_sculpt/blowups/paint_sculpt_003.html>.
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38. CARTOONBegin with the cartoonist's name, the title of the cartoon (if it has one) in quotation marks, the word "Cartoon," and the publication information for the publication in which the cartoon appears.
Sutton, Ward. "Why Wait 'til November?" Cartoon. Village Voice 7-13
July 2004: 6.
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39. ADVERTISEMENTName the product or company being advertised, followed by the word "Advertisement." Give publication information for the source in which the advertisement appears.
Truth by Calvin Klein. Advertisement. Vogue Dec. 2000: 95-98.
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40. MAP OR CHARTCite a map or a chart as you would a book or a short work within a longer work. Add the word "Map" or "Chart" following the title.
Serbia. Map. 2 Feb. 2001. 17 Mar. 2003 <http://www.biega.com/
serbia.html>.
Joseph, Lori, and Bob Laird. "Driving While Phoning Is Dangerous."
Chart. USA Today 16 Feb. 2001: 1A.
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41. MUSICAL COMPOSITIONCite the composer's name, followed by the title of the work. Underline the title of an opera, a ballet, or a composition identified by name, but do not underline or use quotation marks around a composition identified by number or form.
Ellington, Duke. Conga Brava.
Haydn, Franz Joseph. Symphony no. 88 in G.
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42. SOUND RECORDINGBegin with the name of the person you want to emphasize: the composer, conductor, or performer. For a long work, give the title, underlined, followed by names of pertinent artists (such as performers, readers, or musicians) and the orchestra and conductor (if relevant). End with the manufacturer and the date.
Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, Angela
Gheorghiu, and Samuel Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus.
Cond. Giuseppe Sinopoli. Warner, 1996.
For a song, put the title in quotation marks. If you include the name of the album, underline it. Counting Crows. "Holiday in Spain." Hard Candy. Geffen, 2002.
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43. FILM OR VIDEOBegin with the title, underlined. For a film, cite the director and the lead actors or narrator ("Perf." or "Narr."), followed by the name of the distributor and the year of the film's release. For a videotape or DVD, add "Videocassette" or "DVD" before the name of the distributor.
Finding Neverland. Dir. Marc Forster. Perf. Johnny Depp, Kate Winslet,
Julie Christie, Radha Mitchell, and Dustin Hoffman. Miramax,
2004.
High Fidelity. Dir. Stephen Frears. Perf. John Cusack, Iben Hjejle,
Jack Black, and Todd Louiso. 2000. Videocassette. Walt Disney
Video, 2001.
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44. RADIO OR TELEVISION PROGRAMBegin with the title of the radio segment or television episode (if there is one) in quotation marks, followed by the title of the program, underlined. Next give relevant information about the program's writer ("By"), director ("Dir."), performers ("Perf."), or host ("Host"). Then name the network, the local station (if any), and the date the program was broadcast.
"Monkey Trial." American Experience. PBS. WGBH, Boston. 18 Mar. 2003.
"Live in 4A: Konstantin Soukhovetski." Performance Today. Natl. Public
Radio. 2 May 2002. 10 May 2002 <http://www.npr.org/programs/
pt/features/4a/soukhovetski.02.html>.
If there is a series title, include it after the title of the program, neither underlined nor in quotation marks. Mysteries of the Pyramids. On the Inside. Discovery Channel. 7 Feb. 2001.
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45. RADIO OR TELEVISION INTERVIEWBegin with the name of the person who was interviewed, followed by the word "Interview." End with the information about the program as in item 44.
McGovern, George. Interview. Charlie Rose. PBS. WNET, New York. 1 Feb.
2001.
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46. LIVE PERFORMANCEFor a live performance of a play, a ballet, an opera, or a concert, begin with the title of the work performed. Then name the author or composer of the work (preceded by the word "By"), followed by as much information about the performance as is available: the director ("Dir."), choreographer ("Chor."), or conductor ("Cond."); the major performers ("Perf."); the theater, ballet, or opera company; the theater and its city; and the date of the performance.
Art. By Yasmina Reza. Dir. Matthew Warchus. Perf. Philip Franks, Leigh
Lawson, and Simon Shephard. Whitehall Theatre, London. 3 Dec.
2001.
Cello Concerto No. 2. By Eric Tanguy. Cond. Seiji Ozawa. Perf. Mstislav
Rostropovich. Boston Symphony Orch. Symphony Hall, Boston. 5
Apr. 2002.
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47. LECTURE OR PUBLIC ADDRESSCite the speaker's name, followed by the title of the lecture (if any), the organization sponsoring the lecture, the location, and the date.
Cohran, Kelan. "Slavery and Astronomy." Adler Planetarium, Chicago. 21
Feb. 2001.
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48. PERSONAL INTERVIEWTo cite an interview that you conducted, begin with the name of the person interviewed. Then write "Personal interview," followed by the date of the interview.
Akufo, Dautey. Personal interview. 11 Aug. 2005.
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Other sources (including online versions) This section includes a variety of traditional print sources not covered elsewhere. For sources obtained on the Web, consult the appropriate model in this section and give whatever information is available for the online source; then end the citation with the date on which you accessed the source and the URL. (See the second example under item 49.)
49. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONTreat the government agency as the author, giving the name of the government followed by the name of the agency.
United States. Dept. of Labor. America's Dynamic Workforce. Washing-
ton: US Dept. of Labor, 2004.
For government documents published online, give as much publication information as is available and end your citation with the date of access and the URL. United States. Dept. of Transportation. Natl. Highway Traffic Safety
Administration. An Investigation of the Safety Implications of
Wireless Communications in Vehicles. Nov. 1999. 20 May 2001
<http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/research/wireless>.
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50. LEGAL SOURCEFor articles of the United States Constitution and laws in the United States Code, no works cited entry is required; instead, simply give an in-text citation (see item 17).
For a legislative act, begin with the name of the act. Then provide the act's Public Law number, its date of enactment, and its Statutes at Large number. Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996. Pub. L.
104-418. 2 Oct. 1996. Stat. 3048.
For a court case, name the first plaintiff and first defendant. Then give the case number, the court name, and the date of the decision. In a works cited entry, the name of the case is not underlined. Utah v. Evans. No. 01-714. Supreme Ct. of the US. 20 June 2002.
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51. PAMPHLETCite a pamphlet as you would a book.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Dept. of Jury Commissioner. A Few
Facts about Jury Duty. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2004.
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52. DISSERTATIONBegin with the author's name, followed by the dissertation title in quotation marks, the abbreviation "Diss.," the name of the institution, and the year the dissertation was accepted.
Jackson, Shelley. "Writing Whiteness: Contemporary Southern
Literature in Black and White." Diss. U of Maryland, 2000.
For dissertations that have been published in book form, underline the title. After the title and before the book's publication information, add the abbreviation "Diss.," the name of the institution, and the year the dissertation was accepted. Damberg, Cheryl L. Healthcare Reform: Distributional Consequences
of an Employer Mandate for Workers in Small Firms. Diss. Rand
Graduate School, 1995. Santa Monica: Rand, 1996.
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53. ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATIONCite an abstract as you would an unpublished dissertation. After the dissertation date, give the abbreviation DA or DAI (for Dissertation Abstracts or Dissertation Abstracts International), followed by the volume number, the date of publication, and the page number.
Chen, Shu-Ling. "Mothers and Daughters in Morrison, Tan, Marshall, and
Kincaid." Diss. U of Washington, 2000. DAI 61 (2000): 2289.
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54. PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCECite published conference proceedings as you would a book, adding information about the conference after the title.
Kartiganer, Donald M., and Ann J. Abadie. Faulkner at 100: Retrospect
and Prospect. Proc. of Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha Conf., 27 July-
1 Aug. 1997, U of Mississippi. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000.
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55. PUBLISHED INTERVIEWName the person interviewed, followed by the title of the interview (if there is one). If the interview does not have a title, include the word "Interview" followed by a period after the interviewee's name. Give publication information for the work in which the interview was published.
Armstrong, Lance. "Lance in France." Sports Illustrated 28 June 2004:
46+.
If the name of the interviewer is relevant, include it after the name of the interviewee, as in the following example. Prince. Interview with Bilge Ebiri. Yahoo! Internet Life 7.6 (2001):
82-85.
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56. PERSONAL LETTERTo cite a letter that you have received, begin with the writer's name and add the phrase "Letter to the author," followed by the date.
Primak, Shoshana. Letter to the author. 6 May 2005.
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