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MLA LIST OF WORKS CITED
An alphabetized list of works cited, which appears at the end of your research paper, gives publication information for each of the sources you have cited in the paper. (For information about preparing the list, click here; for a sample list of works cited, click here.) Unless your instructor asks for them, omit sources not actually cited in the paper, even if you read them. MLA requires the medium of publication in all works cited entries, usually at the end of the entry: for example, "Print," "Web," "Television," "Film," "Lecture." (See specific items throughout this section.)
General guidelines for listing authors Alphabetize entries in the list of works cited by authors' last names (or by title if a work has no author). The author's name is important because citations in the text of the paper refer to it and readers will be looking for it at the beginning of an entry in the alphabetized list. NAME CITED IN TEXT According to Matt Sundeen, . . .
BEGINNING OF WORKS CITED ENTRY Sundeen, Matt.
Items 1–5 show how to begin an entry for a work with a single author, multiple authors, a corporate author, an unknown author, and multiple works by the same author. What comes after this first element of your citation will depend on the kind of source you are citing. (See items 6–60.) NOTE: For a book, an entry in the works cited list will sometimes begin with an editor (see item 9).
1. SINGLE AUTHORFor a work with one author, begin with the author's last name, followed by a comma; then give the author's first name, followed by a period.
Tannen, Deborah.
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2. MULTIPLE AUTHORSFor works with two or three authors, name the authors in the order in which they are listed in the source. Reverse the name of only the first author.
Walker, Janice R., and Todd Taylor.
Wilmut, Ian, Keith Campbell, and Colin Tudge.
For a work with four or more authors, either name all of the authors or name the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others"). Sloan, Frank A., Emily M. Stout, Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein, and Lan
Liang.
Sloan, Frank A., et al.
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3. CORPORATE AUTHORWhen the author of a print document or Web site is a corporation, a government agency, or some other organization, begin your entry with the name of the group.
First Union.
United States. Bureau of the Census.
American Automobile Association.
NOTE: Your in-text citation should also treat the organization as the author (see item 9).
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4. UNKNOWN AUTHORWhen the author of a work is unknown, begin with the work's title. Titles of articles and other short works, such as brief documents from Web sites, are put in quotation marks. Titles of books and other long works, such as entire Web sites, are italicized.
Article or other short work "Media Giants."
Book, entire Web site, or other long work Atlas of the World.
Before concluding that the author of a Web source is unknown, check carefully (see the tip in in-text citations). Also remember that an organization may be the author (see item 3).
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5. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHORIf your list of works cited includes two or more works by the same author, first alphabetize the works by title (ignoring the article A, An, or The at the beginning of a title). Use the author's name for the first entry only; for subsequent entries, use three hyphens followed by a period. The three hyphens must stand for exactly the same name or names as in the first entry.
García, Cristina. The Agüero Sisters. New York: Ballantine, 1998. Print.
---. Monkey Hunting. New York: Ballantine, 2003. Print.
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Books Items 6–19 apply to print books. For online books, see item 29. Citation at a glance: Book
6. BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOKFor most books, arrange the information into four units, each followed by a period and one space: the author's name; the title and subtitle, italicized; the place of publication, the publisher, and the date; and the medium.
Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter's Daughter. New York: Putnam, 2001. Print.
Take the information about the book from its title page and copyright page. Use a short form of the publisher's name; omit terms such as Press, Inc., and Co. except when naming university presses (Harvard UP, for example). If the copyright page lists more than one date, use the most recent one.
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7. AUTHOR WITH AN EDITORBegin with the author and title, followed by the name of the editor. In this case the abbreviation "Ed." means "Edited by," so it is the same for one or multiple editors.
Plath, Sylvia. The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. Ed. Karen V.
Kukil. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 2000. Print.
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8. AUTHOR WITH A TRANSLATORBegin with the name of the author. After the title, write "Trans." (for "Translated by") and the name of the translator.
Allende, Isabel. Daughter of Fortune. Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. New
York: Harper, 2000. Print.
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9. EDITORAn entry for a work with an editor is similar to that for a work with an author except that the name is followed by a comma and the abbreviation "ed." for "editor" (or "eds." for "editors").
Craig, Patricia, ed. The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP,
1996. Print.
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10. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGYBegin with (1) the name of the author of the selection, not with the name of the editor. Then give (2) the title of the selection; (3) the title of the anthology; (4) the name of the editor (preceded by "Ed." for "Edited by"); (5) publication information; (6) the pages on which the selection appears; and (7) the medium.
If you use two or more selections from the same anthology, provide an entry for the entire anthology (see item 9) and give a shortened entry for each selection. Begin with the author and title of the selection; follow with the editor(s) of the anthology and the page number(s) on which the selection appears: Use the medium of publication only in the entry for the complete anthology. Alphabetize the entries in the list of works cited by authors' last names. Desai, Anita. "Scholar and Gypsy." Craig 251-73.
Malouf, David. "The Kyogle Line." Craig 390-96.
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11. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRSTInclude the number of the edition after the title (or after any translators or editors after the title): 2nd ed., 3rd ed., and so on.
Auletta, Ken. The Underclass. 2nd ed. Woodstock: Overlook, 2000. Print.
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12. MULTIVOLUME WORKInclude the total number of volumes before the city and publisher, using the abbreviation "vols." If the volumes were published over several years, give the inclusive dates of publication. The abbreviation "Ed." means "Edited by," so it is the same for one or multiple editors.
Stark, Freya. Letters. Ed. Lucy Moorehead. 8 vols. Salisbury: Compton,
1974-82. Print.
If you cite only one volume in your paper, include the volume number before the city and give the date for that volume. After the date, give the medium and the total number of volumes. Stark, Freya. Letters. Ed. Lucy Moorehead. Vol. 5. Salisbury: Compton,
1978. Print. 8 vols.
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13. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRYWhen an encyclopedia or a dictionary is well known, simply list the author of the entry (if there is one), the title of the entry, the title of the reference work, the edition number (if any), the date of the edition, and the medium.
Posner, Rebecca. "Romance Languages." The New Encyclopaedia
Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. Print.
"Sonata." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
4th ed. 2000. Print.
Volume and page numbers are not necessary because the entries in the source are arranged alphabetically and therefore are easy to locate. If a reference work is not well known, provide full publication information as well.
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14. SACRED TEXTGive the title of the edition of the sacred text (taken from the title page), italicized; the editor's or translator's name (if any); publication information; and the medium. Add the name of the version, if there is one.
The Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. Ed. Herbert G. May and
Bruce M. Metzger. New York: Oxford UP, 1965. Print. Rev. Standard
Vers.
The Qur'an: Translation. Trans. Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Elmhurst: Tahrike,
2000. Print
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15. FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORDBegin with the author of the foreword or other book part, followed by the name of that part. Then give the title of the book; the author of the book, preceded by the word "By"; and the editor of the book (if any). After the publication information, give the page numbers for the part of the book being cited and the medium.
Morris, Jan. Introduction. Letters from the Field, 1925-1975.
By Margaret Mead. New York: Perennial-Harper, 2001.
xix-xxiii. Print.
If the book part being cited has a title, include it in quotation marks immediately after the author's name. Ozick, Cynthia. "Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body." Introduction.
The Best American Essays 1998. Ed. Ozick. Boston: Houghton,
1998. xv-xxi. Print.
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16. BOOK WITH A TITLE IN ITS TITLEIf the book contains a title normally italicized, neither italicize the internal title nor place it in quotation marks.
King, John N. Milton and Religious Controversy: Satire and Polemic in
Paradise Lost. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. Print.
If the title within the title is normally put in quotation marks, retain the quotation marks and italicize the entire title. Hawkins, Hunt, and Brian W. Shaffer, eds. Approaches to Teaching
Conrad's Heart of Darkness and "The Secret Sharer." New York:
MLA, 2002. Print.
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17. BOOK IN A SERIESAt the end of the entry, give the series name as it appears on the title page, followed by the series number, if any.
Malena, Anne. The Dynamics of Identity in Francophone Caribbean
Narrative. New York: Lang, 1998. Francophone Cultures and Lits.
Ser. 24. Print.
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18. REPUBLISHED BOOKAfter the title of the book, cite the original publication date, followed by the current publication information. If the republished book contains new material, such as an introduction or afterword, include information about the new material after the original date.
Hughes, Langston. Black Misery. 1969. Afterword Robert O'Meally. New
York: Oxford UP, 2000. Print.
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19. PUBLISHER'S IMPRINTIf a book was published by an imprint (a division) of a publishing company, link the name of the imprint and the name of the publisher with a hyphen, putting the imprint first.
Truan, Barry. Acoustic Communication. Westport: Ablex-Greenwood,
2000. Print.
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Articles in periodicals This section shows how to prepare works cited entries for articles in magazines, scholarly journals, and newspapers. In addition to consulting the models in this section, you will at times need to turn to other models as well: More than one author: see item 2Article from a database: see item 31
Put titles of articles in quotation marks; italicize the titles of magazines, journals, and newspapers. For dates requiring a month, abbreviate all months except May, June, and July. Add the medium at the end of the entry. For articles appearing on consecutive pages, provide the range of pages (see items 21 and 22). When an article does not appear on consecutive pages, give the number of the first page followed by a plus sign: 32+. Citation at a glance: Article in a periodical
20. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINEIf the magazine is issued monthly, give just the month and year.
Fay, J. Michael. "Land of the Surfing Hippos." National Geographic Aug.
2004: 100+. Print.
If the magazine is issued weekly, give the exact date. Lord, Lewis. "There's Something about Mary Todd." US News and World
Report 19 Feb. 2001: 53. Print.
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21. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY VOLUMEGive both volume and issue numbers for all journals, even those with pagination that continues through all issues of the volume. Separate the volume and issue numbers with a period.
Ryan, Katy. "Revolutionary Suicide in Toni Morrison's Fiction." African
American Review 34.3 (2000): 389-412. Print.
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22. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUEGive both volume and issue numbers, separated with a period.
Wood, Michael. "Broken Dates: Fiction and the Century." Kenyon Review
22.3 (2000): 50-64. Print.
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23. ARTICLE IN A DAILY NEWSPAPERInclude the section letter if it is part of the page number in the newspaper.
Brummitt, Chris. "Indonesia's Food Needs Expected to Soar." Boston
Globe 1 Feb. 2005: A7. Print.
If the section is marked with a number rather than a letter, handle the entry as follows: Wilford, John Noble. "In a Golden Age of Discovery, Faraway Worlds
Beckon." New York Times 9 Feb. 1997, late ed., sec. 1: 1+. Print.
When an edition of the newspaper is specified on the masthead, name the edition (eastern ed., late ed., natl. ed., and so on), as in the example just given. If the city of publication is not obvious, include it in brackets after the name of the newspaper: Courier-Journal [Louisville].
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24. EDITORIAL IN A NEWSPAPERCite an editorial as you would an article with an unknown author, adding the word "Editorial" after the title.
"All Wet." Editorial. Boston Globe 12 Feb. 2001: A14. Print.
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25. LETTER TO THE EDITORName the writer, followed by the word "Letter" and the publication information for the periodical in which the letter appears.
Shrewsbury, Toni. Letter. Atlanta Journal-Constitution 17 Feb. 2001: A13. Print.
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26. BOOK OR FILM REVIEWName the reviewer and the title of the review, if any, followed by the words "Rev. of" and the title and author or director of the work reviewed. Add the publication information for the periodical in which the review appears.
Gleick, Elizabeth. "The Burdens of Genius." Rev. of The Last Samurai, by
Helen DeWitt. Time 4 Dec. 2000: 171. Print.
Denby, David. "On the Battlefield." Rev. of The Hurricane, dir. Norman
Jewison. New Yorker 10 Jan. 2000: 90-92. Print.
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Online sources This section shows how to prepare works cited entries for a variety of online sources, including Web sites, online books, articles in online periodicals and databases, blogs, wikis, podcasts, and e-mail. MLA guidelines assume that readers can locate most online sources by entering the author, title, or other identifying information in a search engine or a database. Consequently, MLA does not require a Web address (URL) in citations for online sources. Some instructors may require a URL; for an example, see the note at the end of item 27. MLA style calls for a sponsor or publisher for most online sources. If a source has no sponsor or publisher, use the abbreviation "N.p." (for "No publisher”) in the sponsor position. If there is no date of publication or update, use "n.d." (for "no date”) after the sponsor. For an article in an online scholarly journal or an article from a database, give page numbers if they are available; if they are not, use the abbreviation "n. pag." (See item 32.)
27. ENTIRE WEB SITEBegin with the name of the author, editor, or corporate author (if known) and the title of the site, italicized. Then give the sponsor and the date of publication or last update. End with the medium and your date of access.
With author or editor Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. Susan Lynn Peterson,
2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009.
Halsall, Paul, ed. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham U, 22
Sept. 2001. Web. 19 Jan. 2009. With corporate (group) author United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water
Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2005.
Author unknown Margaret Sanger Papers Project. History Dept., New York U, 18 Oct.
2000. Web. 6 Jan. 2009.
If a site has no title, substitute a description, such as "Home page," for the title. Do not italicize the words or put them in quotation marks.
Yoon, Mina. Home page. Oak Ridge Natl. Laboratory, 28 Dec. 2006.
Web. 12 Jan. 2009.
NOTE: If your instructor requires a URL for Web sources, include the URL, enclosed in angle brackets, at the end of the entry. If you must divide a URL at the end of a line in a works cited entry, break it after a slash. Do not insert a hyphen.
Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. Susan Lynn Peterson,
2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009. <http://www.susanlynnpeterson.com/
index_files/luther.htm>.
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28. SHORT WORK FROM A WEB SITEShort works are articles, poems, and other documents that are not book length or that appear as internal pages on a Web site. Include the following elements: author's name; title of the short work, in quotation marks; title of the site, italicized; sponsor of the site; date of publication or last update; medium; and your date of access.
With author Shiva, Vandana. "Bioethics: A Third World Issue." NativeWeb.
NativeWeb, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2004.
Author unknown "Media Giants." Frontline: The Merchants of Cool. PBS Online, 2001.
Web. 7 Feb. 2005.
Citation at a glance: Short work from a Web site
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29. ONLINE BOOKCite a book or a book-length work, such as a play or a long poem, as you would a short work from a Web site (see item 28), but italicize the title of the work.
Milton, John. Paradise Lost: Book I. Poetryfoundation.org. Poetry
Foundation, 2008. Web. 14 Dec. 2008.
Give the print publication information for the work, if available (see items 6–19), followed by the title of the Web site, the medium, and your date of access. Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by
Herself. Ed. L. Maria Child. Boston, 1861. Documenting the
American South. Web. 3 Feb. 2009.
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30. PART OF AN ONLINE BOOKPlace the part title before the book's title. If the part is a chapter or a short work such as a poem or an essay, put its title in quotation marks. If the part is an introduction or another division of the book, do not use quotation marks. (See also item 15.) Following the publication information, give the page numbers for the part (or use "N. pag." if the work is not paginated). End with the Web site on which you found the work, the medium, and your date of access.
Adams, Henry. "Diplomacy." The Education of Henry Adams. By Adams.
Boston: Houghton, 1918. N. pag. Bartleby.com: Great Books
Online. Web. 8 Jan. 2009.
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31. WORK FROM A DATABASEFor sources retrieved from a library's subscription database, first list the publication information for the source (see items 20–26). Then give the name of the database, italicized; the medium; and your date of access.
Johnson, Kirk. "The Mountain Lions of Michigan." Endangered Species
Update 19.2 (2002): 27-31. Expanded Academic Index. Web. 26
Nov. 2008.
Barrera, Rebeca María. "A Case for Bilingual Education." Scholastic
Parent and Child Nov.-Dec. 2004: 72-73. Academic Search Premier.
Web. 1 Feb. 2009.
Williams, Jeffrey J. "Why Today's Publishing World Is Reprising the
Past." Chronicle of Higher Education 13 June 2008: 8+. LexisNexis
Academic. Web. 29 Sept. 2008.
When you access a work through a personal subscription service, such as America Online, give the same information as for a library subscription database.
Citation at a glance: Article from a database
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32. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNALWhen citing an article in an online journal, give publication information as for a print journal (see items 21 and 22), using "n. pag." if the source does not have page numbers. Then give the medium and your date of access.
Belau, Linda. "Trauma and the Material Signifier." Postmodern Culture
11.2 (2001): n. pag. Web. 20 Feb. 2009.
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33. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPERGive the author; the title of the article (in quotation marks); the title of the magazine or newspaper (italicized); the sponsor or publisher of the site (use "N.p." if there is none); the date of publication; the medium; and your date of access.
Online magazine Paulson, Steve. "Buddha on the Brain." Salon.com. Salon Media Group,
27 Nov. 2006. Web. 18 Jan. 2009.
Online newspaper Rubin, Joel. "Report Faults Charter School." Los Angeles Times. Los
Angeles Times, 22 Jan. 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009.
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34. ENTIRE WEBLOG (BLOG)Cite a blog as you would an entire Web site (see item 27). Give the author's name; the title of the blog, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the blog (use "N.p." if there is none); and the date of the most recent update. Then give the medium and your date of access.
Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout. Washington Post, 27 Apr. 2006. Web. 19
Jan. 2009.
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35. ENTRY IN A WEBLOG (BLOG)Cite an entry or a comment (a response to an entry) in a blog as you would a short work from a Web site (see item 28). If the entry or comment has no title, use the label "Weblog entry" or "Weblog comment." Follow with the title of the blog, italicized, and the remaining information as for an entire blog in item 33.
Mayer, Caroline. "Some Surprising Findings about Identity Theft." The
Checkout. Washington Post, 28 Feb. 2006. Web. 19 Jan. 2009.
Burdick, Dennis. Weblog comment. The Checkout. Washington Post, 28
Feb. 2006. Web. 19 Jan. 2009.
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36. CD-ROMTreat a CD-ROM as you would any other source, but add the medium ("CD-ROM"). For a book on CD-ROM, add the medium after the publication information.
"Pimpernel." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.
4th ed. Boston: Houghton, 2000. CD-ROM.
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37. E-MAILTo cite an e-mail, begin with the writer's name and the subject line. Then write "Message to" followed by the name of the recipient. End with the date of the message and the medium.
Wilde, Lisa. "Review Questions." Message to the author. 15 Mar. 2009.
E-mail.
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38. POSTING TO AN ONLINE DISCUSSION LISTWhen possible, cite archived versions of postings. If you cannot locate an archived version, keep a copy of the posting for your records. Begin with the author's name, followed by the title or subject line, in quotation marks (use the label "Online posting" if the posting has no title); the title of the Web site on which the discusson list is found, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the site (use "N.p." if there is none); the date of publication; the medium; and your date of access.
Fainton, Peter. "Re: Backlash against New Labour." Media Lens Message
Board. Media Lens, 7 May 2008. Web. 2 June 2008.
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Multimedia sources (including online versions) Multimedia sources include visuals (such as works of art), audio works (such as sound recordings), audiovisuals (such as films), podcasts, and live events. Give the medium for all multimedia sources, usually at the end of the citation and not italicized or in quotation marks (for instance, "Print," "Web," "Radio," "Television," "CD," "Audiocassette," "Film," "Videocassette," "DVD," "Performance," "Lecture," "PDF file," "Microsoft Word file," "JPEG file").
39. WORK OF ARTCite the artist's name; the title of the artwork, italicized; the date of composition; the medium of composition (for instance, "Lithograph on paper," "Photograph," "Charcoal on paper"); and the institution and city in which the artwork is located. For artworks found online, omit the medium of composition and include the title of the Web site, the medium, and your date of access.
Constable, John. Dedham Vale. 1802. Oil on canvas. Victoria and
Albert Museum, London.
van Gogh, Vincent. The Starry Night. 1889. Museum of Mod. Art,
New York. MoMA: The Museum of Modern Art. Web. 14
Jan. 2009.
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40. CARTOONBegin with the cartoonist's name; the title of the cartoon (if it has one) in quotation marks; the word "Cartoon" or "Comic strip"; publication information; and the medium. To cite an online cartoon, instead of publication information give the title of the Web site; the sponsor or publisher; the date; the medium; and your date of access.
Sutton, Ward. "Why Wait 'til November?" Cartoon. Village Voice 7-13
July 2004: 6. Print.
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41. ADVERTISEMENTName the product or company being advertised, followed by the word "Advertisement." Give publication information for the source in which the advertisement appears.
Truth by Calvin Klein. Advertisement. Vogue Dec. 2000: 95-98. Print.
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42. MAP OR CHARTCite a map or a chart as you would a book or a short work within a longer work. Use the word "Map" or "Chart" following the title. Add the medium and, for an online source, the sponsor or publisher and the date of access.
Joseph, Lori, and Bob Laird. "Driving While Phoning Is Dangerous."
Chart. USA Today 16 Feb. 2001: 1A. Print.
Serbia. Map. Syrena Maps. Syrena, 2 Feb. 2001. Web. 17 Mar. 2009.
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43. MUSICAL SCOREFor both print and online versions, begin with the composer's name; the title of the work, italicized; and the date of composition. For a print source, give the place of publication; the name of the publisher and date of publication; and the medium. For an online source, give the title of the Web site; the publisher or sponsor of the site; the date of Web publication; the medium; and your date of access.
Handel, G. F. Messiah: An Oratorio. N.d. CCARH Publications: Scores and
Parts. Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities,
2003. Web. 5 Jan. 2009.
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44. SOUND RECORDINGBegin with the name of the person you want to emphasize: the composer, conductor ("Cond."), or performer ("Perf."). For a long work, give the title, italicized; the names of pertinent artists (such as performers, readers, or musicians); and the orchestra and conductor, if relevant. End with the manufacturer, the date, and the medium.
Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, Angela
Gheorghiu, and Samuel Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus.
Cond. Giuseppe Sinopoli. Warner, 1996. CD.
For a song, put the title in quotation marks. If you include the name of the album, italicize it. Blige, Mary J. "Be without You." The Breakthrough. Geffen, 2005. CD.
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45. FILM OR VIDEOBegin with the title, italicized. Cite the director ("Dir.") and the lead actors or narrator ("Perf." or "Narr."); the distributor; the year of the film’s release; and the medium ("Videocassette," "DVD," "Film").
Finding Neverland. Dir. Marc Forster. Perf. Johnny Depp, Kate Winslet,
Julie Christie, Radha Mitchell, and Dustin Hoffman. Miramax,
2004. DVD.
The Hours. Dir. Stephen Daldry. Perf. Meryl Streep, Julianne Moore, and
Nicole Kidman. Paramount, 2002. Film.
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46. RADIO OR TELEVISION PROGRAMBegin with the title of the radio segment or television episode (if there is one) in quotation marks, followed by the title of the program, italicized. Next give relevant information about the program's writer ("By"), director ("Dir."), performers ("Perf."), or host ("Host"). Then name the network, the local station (if any) and location, the date of broadcast, and the medium ("Television," "Radio"). For a program you accessed online, after the information about the program give the network, the date, the title of the Web site, the medium ("Web"), and the date of access.
"New Orleans." American Experience. Narr. Jeffrey Wright. PBS. WGBH,
Boston, 12 Feb. 2007. Television.
"Elif Shafak: Writing under a Watchful Eye." Fresh Air. Host Terry Gross.
Natl. Public Radio, 6 Feb. 2007. NPR.org. Web. 22 Feb. 2009.
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47. RADIO OR TELEVISION INTERVIEWBegin with the name of the person who was interviewed, followed by the word "Interview" and the interviewer's name. End with the information about the program as in item 46.
McGovern, George. Interview by Charlie Rose. Charlie Rose. PBS. WNET,
New York, 1 Feb. 2001. Television.
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48. PODCASTA podcast can refer to digital audio content—downloadable lectures, interviews, or essays — or to the method of delivery. Treat a podcast as you would a short work from a Web site (see item 28), giving the medium of delivery (such as "Web," "MP3 file," "MPEG-4 video file") before your date of access.
Patterson, Chris. "Will School Consolidation Improve Education?" Host
Michael Quinn Sullivan. Texas PolicyCast. Texas Public Policy
Foundation, 13 Apr. 2006. MP3 file. 27 Apr. 2006.
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49. LIVE PERFORMANCEFor a live performance of a play, a ballet, an opera, or a concert, begin with the title of the work performed. Then name the author or composer of the work (preceded by the word "By"); relevant information such as the director ("Dir."), choreographer ("Chor."), conductor ("Cond."), or major performers ("Perf."); the theater, ballet, or opera company; the theater and its city; the date of the performance; and the label "Performance."
Art. By Yasmina Reza. Dir. Matthew Warchus. Perf. Philip Franks, Leigh
Lawson, and Simon Shephard. Whitehall Theatre, London. 3 Dec.
2001. Performance.
Cello Concerto no. 2. By Eric Tanguy. Cond. Seiji Ozawa. Perf. Mstislav
Rostropovich. Boston Symphony Orch. Symphony Hall, Boston. 5
Apr. 2002. Performance.
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50. LECTURE OR PUBLIC ADDRESSCite the speaker's name, followed by the title of the lecture (if any), in quotation marks; the organization sponsoring the lecture; the location; the date; and a label such as "Lecture" or "Address."
Cohran, Kelan. "Slavery and Astronomy." Adler Planetarium, Chicago. 21
Feb. 2001. Lecture.
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51. PERSONAL INTERVIEWTo cite an interview that you conducted, begin with the name of the person interviewed. Then write "Personal interview" or "Telephone interview," followed by the date of the interview.
Akufo, Dautey. Personal interview. 11 Aug. 2005.
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Other sources (including online versions) This section includes a variety of sources not covered elsewhere. For sources obtained on the Web, consult the appropriate model in this section and give information required for an online source (see items 27–38); end the citation with the medium and your date of access.
52. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONTreat the government agency as the author, giving the name of the government followed by the name of the department and the agency, if any. For print sources, add the medium at the end of the entry. For online sources, follow the model for an entire Web site (item 27) or a short work from a Web site (item 28).
United States. Dept. of Labor. America's Dynamic Workforce. Washington:
US Dept. of Labor, 2004. Print.
United States. Dept. of Transportation. Natl. Highway Traffic Safety
Administration. An Investigation of the Safety Implications of
Wireless Communications in Vehicles. Natl. Highway Traffic Safety
Administration, Nov. 1999. Web. 20 May 2008.
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53. HISTORICAL AND LEGAL SOURCESFor a well-known historical document, such as the United States Constitution, provide the document title, neither italicized nor in quotation marks, the document date, and publication information. For less familiar documents, begin with the author, if the work has one, and continue with the title, date, and publication information.
Jefferson, Thomas. First Inaugural Address. 1801. The American Reader.
Ed. Diane Ravitch. New York: Harper, 1990. 42-44. Print.
For a legislative act (law), give the name of the act, neither italicized nor in quotation marks, followed by the Public Law number, the Statutes at Large information, the date, and the medium. Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996. Pub. L.
104-231. 110 Stat. 3048. 2 Oct. 1996. Print.
For a court case, name the first plaintiff and the first defendant. Then give the law report number, the court, the year, and publication information. In a works cited entry, do not italicize the name of the case. (For an in-text citation, see item 17.)
Utah v. Evans. 536 US 452. Supreme Court of the US. 2002. Supreme
Court Collection. Legal Information Inst., Cornell U Law School,
n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2008.
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54. PAMPHLETCite a pamphlet as you would a book.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Dept. of Jury Commissioner. A Few
Facts about Jury Duty. Boston: Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 2004. Print.
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55. DISSERTATIONBegin with the author's name, followed by the dissertation title in quotation marks, the abbreviation "Diss.," the name of the institution, the year the dissertation was accepted, and the medium.
Jackson, Shelley. "Writing Whiteness: Contemporary Southern
Literature in Black and White." Diss. U of Maryland, 2000. Print.
For dissertations that have been published in book form, italicize the title and add publication information and the medium after the dissertation year. Damberg, Cheryl L. Healthcare Reform: Distributional Consequences
of an Employer Mandate for Workers in Small Firms. Diss. Rand
Graduate School, 1995. Santa Monica: Rand, 1996. Print.
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56. ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATIONCite an abstract as you would an unpublished dissertation. After the dissertation date, give the abbreviation DA or DAI (for Dissertation Abstracts or Dissertation Abstracts International), followed by the volume and issue numbers, the year of publication, the page number, and the medium.
Chen, Shu-Ling. "Mothers and Daughters in Morrison, Tan, Marshall, and
Kincaid." Diss. U of Washington, 2000. DAI 61.6 (2000): 2289. Print.
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57. PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCECite published conference proceedings as you would a book, adding information about the conference after the title.
Kartiganer, Donald M., and Ann J. Abadie, eds. Faulkner at 100: Retrospect
and Prospect. Proc. of Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha Conf., 27 July-
1 Aug. 1997, U of Mississippi. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2000. Print.
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58. PUBLISHED INTERVIEWName the person interviewed, followed by the title of the interview (if there is one). If the interview does not have a title, include the word "Interview" followed by a period after the interviewee's name. Give publication information for the work in which the interview was published.
Armstrong, Lance. "Lance in France." Sports Illustrated 28 June 2004:
46+. Print.
If the name of the interviewer is relevant, include it after the name of the interviewee. Prince. Interview by Bilge Ebiri. Yahoo! Internet Life 7.6 (2001):
82-85. Print.
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59. PERSONAL LETTERTo cite a letter that you have received, begin with the writer's name and add the phrase "Letter to the author," followed by the date. Add the medium ("MS" for "manuscript," or a handwritten letter; "TS" for "typescript," or a typed letter).
Primak, Shoshana. Letter to the author. 6 May 2005. TS.
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60. ENTRY IN A WIKIA wiki is an online reference that is openly edited by its users. Treat an entry in a wiki as you would a short work from a Web site (see item 28). Because wiki content is, by definition, collectively edited and can be updated frequently, do not include an author. Give the title of the entry; the name of the wiki, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the wiki (use "N.p." if there is none); the date of the last update; the medium; and your date of access.
"Hip Hop Music." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Sept. 2008.
Web. 18 Mar. 2009.
"Negation in Languages." UniLang.org. Unilang, 25 Oct. 2004. Web. 9
June 2009.
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